Criminal Law 9 Offences Against Property

Theft – The Theft offence is defined under S1 of the ‘Theft act 1968’. Where it provides that if ‘A person dishonestly appropriates property belonging to another, with the intention of permanently depriving the other of it,’ will be guilty of the offence. For this charge to be upheld, both the actus Reus and the mens rea have to be established. Actus Reus – Beginning with the physical element of the crime, the actus Reus it is made up of 3 elements – ‘appropriates, property, belonging to another. ’ Appropriation is defined in S3, ‘Any assumption by a person of the rights of an owner amounts to appropriation. This includes coming across the property innocently or not without stealing it and treating the property how the owner would. Examples of this would be using, eating, selling, destroying, lending/hiring the property. The case examples are: ? ‘Pitman v Hehl (1977)’ – ‘defendant sold propert y belonging to another. Offer of sale is an assumption of right. It didn’t matter whether the property was removed or not. ? ‘Morris, (1983)’ – At least one assumption of all the rights Switched price labels in shop. ? ‘Lawrence (1971)’ – With consent An Italian student paying for taxi ride, ? 6 instead of 50p. ‘Gomez’- Lied about cheques so friend could take supplied goods. Dishonestly appropriating goods, induced through fraud, deception or a false representation to consent. ? ‘Hinks’ – Consent without deception, got naive friend to put money in account. Said where gifts however also results to appropriation. Property has been defined under S4; this includes money, real property (buildings and land, personal property, things in action (bank accounts) and other intangible assets. (e. g. Patent) ? Kelly and Lindsay (1998) – Taken body parts from the royal college of surgeons to make casts.Normally dead bodies are not property however; belonged to the royal college. ? A-G of Hong Kong v Chan Nai-Keung- Stolen quota ? Oxford v Moss – Not intangible property , – knowledge of the questions on a exam paper ? Wild mushrooms and plants cannot be property unless it is taken for reward or commercial purposes. Not theft if creatures are wild, but theft if they are in captivity or owned. Belonging to another is defined under S5, ‘property shall be regarded as belonging to any person having possession or control over it, or having in it any proprietary right or interest. Therefore prosecution do not have to prove who the legal owner is. ‘Turner (no. 2) (1971)’ Stealing own car Garage was in control of the property as he left it with them to make repairs and pay thereafter. Guilty, when property may not belong to another. (1) Trust property, where trustee steals it (2) Property received under obligation – ‘Hall, (1972)’ – Travel agent, deposits for client tickets. Klineberg and Marsden,’ Obligation to make deposits in a certain way. Timeshare apartments. ‘Davidge V Bunnett’ Money for bill but didn’t. 3)Property received by another’s mistake – ‘A-G Reference (No 1 of 1983) (1985) – Salary overpaid through bank transfer, had an obligation to repay. Mens Rea – Within the offence of the theft the mental element of the crime the mens rea is the ‘dishonest intention’. Dishonesty, it has to be proved that they defendant appropriated dishonestly, there is no definition under S2 however it states that it is irrelevant whether it was made with a view of gain or own benefit. Therefore meaning if the other entire elements are present the defendant’s motive is not relevant.S2 provides 3 situations in which the defendant’s behaviour is not dishonest. If a genuine belief in one of the three below not guilty. A) He has in law the right to deprive the other of it, on behalf of himself of a third person. b) He would have the consent if the other knew of the appropriation and the circumstance of it. c) The person who the property belongs to cannot be discovered by taking reasonable steps. Willing to pay – it doesn’t prevent dishonest conduct. ‘A person’s appropriation of property belonging to another may be dishonest notwithstanding that he is willing to pay for the property. The Ghosh Test (1982) – Leading case on dishonesty. Ghosh a doctor, (a locum consultant) at hospital, He claimed fees for operations he had not carried out. COA decided dishonestly has both objective and subjective element. 1. Was the action dishonest according to the ordinary standards of reasonable & honest people? Objective 2. Did the defendant realise that what he was doing was dishonest by those standards? Subjective Here the jury would start was the objective test, if it was proved to be dishonest it was carried to the subjective test, however if it was not dishonest he would be acquitted.Intention to permanently deprive this is the final element, which is defined in S6. ‘Velumyl’ – Company manager took ? 1050 from safe. He said owed money to a friend and would replace later. COA upheld conviction as he has intention of permanently depriving company of banknotes. Permanent e. g. destroys property ‘DPP v Lavender (1994) – took doors from council property at time of repair and used to replace damage door in girlfriend council flat. Borrowing is not theft unless it is for a period and in circumstances making it equivalent to taking it or disposal Lloyd’ – Not theft, film taken copied and brought back undamaged. ‘Easom’ – The defendant picked up a handbag in a cinema, rummaged through its contents and then put it back without having taken anything, condition intention, not guilty. Robbery is an offence defined under S8 o f the ‘Theft act 1968’, it provides’ A person is guilty of robbery if he steals, and immediately before or at the time of doing so, and in order to do so, he uses force on any person or puts or seeks to put any person in fear of being then and there subjected to force,’ will be convicted of robbery.This is basically aggravated theft, by the use or/and threat of force. For robbery, theft must be completed for robbery to be committed, all the elements of theft need to be present, and therefore if there is no theft, there is no robbery. The elements which have to be proved for the actus Reus of robbery are:- 1. Theft 2. Force or putting or seeking to put any person in fear of force. ( immediately before or at time of theft and must be in order to steal) Completed Theft – Where force is used to steal, the moment that theft is complete, there is a robbery.A case example is Corcoran v Anderton (1980) – Defendant hit woman in back and then tugged at her bag. She let go of the bag, however the defendants ran off without it, as the lady was screaming. It was held that theft occurred, therefore guilty of robbery, (temporary Appropriation). If she had not let go of the bag, theft would not be completed, but could be charged with attempted robbery, (s9 (2) Theft Act 1968). Force or threat of force – The prosecution must prove that there was a force or threat of force present. This is determined by the jury. It has been said the amount of force use can be small. In ‘R v Dawson’, one the defendant nudged the victim causing loss of balance so the other could take his wallet. Jury to decide if the force was present; charged with robbery †¢ In R v ‘Clouden’, the defendant had wrenched on the victim’s handbag from her hands. COA held that whilst taking of property without resistance from the owner, should not amount to robbery, the question of force ‘on any person’ should be left to the jury. The force must be immediately before or at the time of the theft. – It is decided by the jury the length of theft, but it has been held that theft is a continuing act. When theft is completed. ‘Hale (1979)’, the two defendants forced their way in. One defendant put his hand over her mouth to stop her screaming while the other went upstairs and took a jewellery box and then tied up her up before leaving. COA, force of hand over mouth and theft ongoing. †¢ ‘R v Lockley’, the defendant The defendant, with two others, was caught shoplifting cans of beer from an off-licence and used force on the shopkeeper who was trying to stop them escaping   The defendant appealed on the basis that the theft was complete when he used the force, but the Court of Appeal followed Hale and dismissed his appeal. On any person – This force or threat of force can be put on any; it does not have to be the person from whom the threat occurs. An exampl e situation is bank robbery and force on customers. – Force in order to steal – If force is not used in order to steal it is not robbery, example being fight between defendant and victim and then theft. The defendant charged with OAPA and also theft. For the mens rea of robbery it must be proved that the defendant had the:- 1. Intention for theft 2. Intended to use force to steal. Burglary offence is under S9 of ‘Theft act 1968. It defines 2 different ways to commit burglary. Common elements of both, (a) entry (b) of building or part of building, (c) as trespasser. Under S9(1)(a)‘A person is guilty of burglary if he enters any building or part of a building as a trespasser , with intent to steal, rape, do unlawful damage and inflict gbh. Under S9(1)(b)‘ A person is guilty of burglary if he enters any building or part of a building as a trespasser, he steals or attempts to steal anything in the building or inflicts or attempts to inflict gbh on any per son in the building. Actus ReusNot defined in ‘Theft act 1968’, but there are several cases of the meaning. ‘Collins’ – COA, Jury satisfied that D made ‘effective and substantial entry’ ‘R v Brown’ – ‘Effective entry’. D was outside shop window leaning in, looking through goods. ‘Ryan (1996)’ – D entered, trapped in window of a house at 2:30am, half body inside. The theft act gives extended meaning for the word building, but a basic definition is not given, however never really a problem with this. It includes houses, flats, offices, factories†¦ It also includes outbuilding and sheds.Large storage containers – ‘B and S v Leathley (1979) A freezer container had been in a farmyard and been used for storage. It had be held to be a building Part of building. This is where a defendant has permission to be one area of the building however not another. ‘Walkington (197 9) – D went to the counter of the shop and open the till. S (9) (1) (a). Defendant to be committed of burglary he must enter as a trespasser. If have permission – not a trespasser. ‘Collins’ – Drunken defendant wanted sex, he saw an open window and climbed a ladder to look. A naked girl was asleep in†¦ Entered the room.She thought he was her boyfriend †¦ they had sex. Charged under S9 (1) (a), Enter, trespasser with intent to rape. On appeal, conviction quashed as he was not a trespasser. A defendant can become a trespasser even if he has a permission to enter. This is when the defendant goes beyond the given permission. ‘Smith and Jones (1976)’ – Smith and friend went to smiths fathers house and took two television sets without his father’s knowledge/ permission. His father stated that his son is not a trespasser, (general permission to enter). However COA, guilty of Burglary, S9 (1) (b), ‘entering in acce ss of the permission given to him’.In line with ‘Barker v R (1983)’ Neighbour to look after property, told defendant that there is a key hidden if needed, but however entered property to steal. Mens Rea – 2 parts Both, S9 (1) (a) and S9 (1) (b), must intend or be subjectively reckless to enter as a trespasser. With S9 (1) (a) the defendant will also need the intention of committing at least one of the four offences stated when entering. He needs intention to steal or condition intention. For S9 (1) (b) the defendant must also have the mens rea for theft or gbh when committing or attempting to commit the actus Reus of burglary.Deception Offences (Fraud) and Making off without payment. Deception Offences ? Obtaining property by deception (s15 Theft Act 1968); ? Obtaining services by deception (s1 Theft Act 1978); ? Evading liability by deception (s2 (1) Theft Act 1978). Common Elements – (1) Deception (2) obtaining/evading (3) Dishonesty [pic]Basic de finition is stated in S15 (4) Theft Act 1968. ‘Any deception (whether deliberate or reckless) by words or conduct as to the fact or as to law, including a deception as to the present intentions of the person using the deception or any other person’.It applies to all 3 offences. It makes clear the deception can be words, silence, conduct†¦ Deception definition – ‘DPP v Ray (1973)’ – Lord Reid. ‘Deceive is to induce a man to believe that a thing is true which is false, and which the person practising deceit knows or believe it to be false’ Deception can be deliberate or reckless. Spoken or written words -‘Silverman- (1987)’ D gave excessive quotation to 2 elderly sisters, after building a good relationship from past. COA said it is deception. Quashed because jury. – Conduct (e. g. alse cards, uniform) – ‘Barnard- (1837)’ went in to shop in oxford worn student clothes, and stated that he w as a student, so could get sold products on credit. False pretent Silence– Can be implied in certain situations, ‘DPP v Ray’ – (1973). Went to restaurant with friends, he didn’t have enough money but friend agreed to pay, however they all decided not to pay and then ran out of restaurant. Circumstances Also when circumstances have changed – ‘Rai – (2000)’ – Applied for grant for downstairs bathroom for elderly mother. It approved but she died, did not tell council. Firth 1990)’ – Doctor who failed to inform the NHS hospital, that some patients were private, he avoided paying charged to the hospital. Use of cheques When a person writes a cheque, it implies that they have the bank account and money in this, to pay for the cheque, representations of fact. ‘Gilmartin (1983)’ D paid for supplies with a post dates cheque which he knew would not be met. Use of cheque guarantee cards – It i s issued by the bank on current accounts, which has a limit of ? 50- ? 100. The bank guarantees that a cheque up to a specific amount will be met by bank. ‘Charles (1976)’. D bank account had overdraft of up to ? 00. Has cheque guarantee card for up to ? 30. Not meant to use more than 1 a do. Wrote 25 of ? 30, also knew he no sufficient funds. HOL, false representation S16, Theft act 1968 (Obtaining a pecuniary advantage by deception. Credit cards. Representations, user of card is the name on card and has the authority of Card Company to use it. ‘Lambie (1981)’ D had a Barclaycard credit card which had a limit of ? 200; she exceeded limit and bank asked for card to be returned. HOL reinstated it. Deception as to fact, law intention. False statement about the law can be deception and also deception about the facts. King and Stockwell (1987)’ The falsely represented to woman that they were reputable firm of tree surgeon, and made false claims to make h er agree to pay for work. Attempting to obtain property by deception. [pic]As well as proving deception, it must be shown that a person was deceived and property/service/ evade liability as a result of deception. Common in all deception offences. Deception is not relevant to the person to whom it is made. ‘Laverty’. D changed number plates and chassis of car and sold to plaintiff. Not deception as plaintiff thought he was owner and no prove of deception. Etim v Hatfield’ D produced false declaration to PO clerk that he was entitled to supplementary benefits. Clerk gave him ? 10. 60. Without deception no payment would be given. Machines, not possible for deception to happen, however it may be charged as theft. Deception after obtaining is not deception. ‘Collis-Smith’ D filled car up with petrol and claimed that his company would pay for his petrol. Ownership of petrol passed to him. Led to new law of the theft act 1978 under, S2. [pic] It must be pro ved in all deception offences. The Ghosh Test (1982) – Leading case on dishonesty. Ghosh a doctor, (a locum consultant) at hospital.He claimed fees for operations he had not carried out. COA decided dishonestly has both objective and subjective element. †¢ Was the action dishonest according to the ordinary standards of reasonable & honest people? Objective †¢ Did the defendant realise that what he was doing was dishonest by those standards? Subjective Here the jury would start was the objective test, if it was proved to be dishonest it was carried to the subjective test, however if it was not dishonest he would be acquitted. – Intention to permanently deprive, S15 (3) states that S6 shall apply to this offence, the word ‘‘appropriation’ is changed to ‘obtaining. – Makes the deception deliberately or to be reckless as to whether they are deceiving others Obtaining Property by Deception is defined in S15 of the Theft act 1968 it states that any deception made to dishonestly obtain property belonging to another, with the intention of permanently depriving the other of it. It is similar to theft however property must be obtained through deception. Most offences of obtaining by deception could also be charged with theft, since the case of Gomez which overlapped these laws. Actus Reus. Obtain – S15 (2), states that obtain means ‘obtaining ownership, possession or control of it.Any one is sufficient; makes clear that obtaining can be for another person or to enable another person or to keep it. Property – It has the same meaning as it theft. It includes money and all other property, real or personal, including things in action (bank accounts) and other intangible assets (e. g. Patents). The only difference being that it has no restrictions on obtaining land (limited situations) Belonging to another has the same meaning as in theft, therefore it means ‘any person having possession or con trol over it, or having in it any proprietary right or interest. ’Obtaining because of deception – As well as proving deception, it must be shown that a person was deceived and property obtained as a result of deception. Deception is not relevant to the person to whom it is made. ’ Laverty’. D changed number plates and chassis of car and sold to plaintiff. Not deception as plaintiff thought that defendant was owner, no proof of deception. ‘Etim v Hatfield’ D produced false declaration to PO clerk that he was entitled to benefits. Clerk gave him ? 10. 60. Without deception no payment would be given. Deception after obtaining is not deception. Collis-Smith’ D filled car up with petrol and claimed that his company would pay for his petrol. Ownership passed to him. Led to S2 theft act 1978 Mens rea – Dishonest – The Ghosh Test (1982) – Leading case on dishonesty. Ghosh a doctor, (a locum consultant) at hospital. He cla imed fees for operations he had not carried out. COA decided dishonestly has both objective and subjective element. †¢ Was the action dishonest according to the ordinary standards of reasonable & honest people? O †¢ Did the defendant realise that what he was doing was dishonest by those standards? SHere the jury would start was the objective test, if it was proved to be dishonest it was carried to the subjective test, however if it was not dishonest he would be acquitted. – Intention to permanently deprive, S15 (3) states that S6 shall apply to this offence, the word ‘‘appropriation’ is changed to ‘obtaining. ‘ – Makes the deception deliberately or to be reckless as to whether they are deceiving others Obtaining Services by Deception is a offence under S1 of Theft act 1978, which states, ‘S1 (1) A person who by any deception dishonestly obtains services from another shall be guilty of an offence.S1 (2) It is an obtaining o f services where the other is induced to confer a benefit by doing some act, or causing or permitting some act to be done, on the understanding that the benefit has been or will be paid for. The defendant make the other person induce to confer a benefit by: AR Doing some act Causing some act to be done Permitting some act to be done This part of the actus Reus covers a wide range of situations of the ways that the offence can be committed. The act must cause a benefit to the defendant and must be proved that the benefit ‘has been or will be paid for. If the benefit is free there is no offence even if the defendant was dishonest. The victim doesn’t have to suffer any loss. Service – E. g. haircut, hotel stay, entertainment activity, film, repair of goods, cleaning and decoration etc. ‘Widdowson’ obtaining of hire purchases in order to buy a car was a service. ‘Halai’ Mortgage advantage not a service. But S1 (3) inserted into S1 by the the ft, (amendment) act 1996. Now contained in S1 theft 1978. ‘Sofroniou’ – Obtaining loans through a bank account or by way of overdraft was now, with the amending addition of S1 within the meaning of services.COA held that opening bank account and obtaining credit card is also a service. Understanding that the benefit has been or will be paid for. For there to be an offence they have to be shown that they were a benefit which had been or would be paid for. ‘Sofroniou’. D opened 2 bank accounts under false names, and then arranged for loans in both accounts causing account to become overdrawn. He then applied for store credit and exceeded limit. Convicted of S1 theft act 1978. Understanding of the payment Mens rea – Dishonesty, deception was made intentionally or recklessly – Dishonest – The Ghosh Test (1982) – Leading case on dishonesty.Ghosh a doctor, (a locum consultant) at hospital. He claimed fees for operations he had n ot carried out. COA decided dishonestly has both objective and subjective element. †¢ Was the action dishonest according to the ordinary standards of reasonable & honest people? O †¢ Did the defendant realise that what he was doing was dishonest by those standards? S Here the jury would start was the objective test, if it was proved to be dishonest it was carried to the subjective test, however if it was not dishonest he would be acquitted. – Makes the deception deliberately or to be reckless as to whether they are deceiving othersEvasion of Liability is under S2 if the Theft act 1978, it creates a number ways that evasion of liability can be committed2(1) (a) dishonestly secures the remission of the whole or part of any existing liability to make a payment, whether his own liability or another's; or 2(1) (b) with intent to make permanent default in whole or in part on any existing liability to make a payment, or with intent to let another do so, dishonestly induces the creditor or any person claiming payment on behalf of the creditor to wait for payment (whether or not the due date for payment is deferred) or to forgo payment; or 2(1) (c) dishonestly obtains any exemption from or abatement of liability to make a payment; shall be guilty of an offence. The liability is limited to legally enforceable liability Securing remissions of a liability – E. g. persuades creditor to let him off repaying all or part of debt, through untrue stories and deception. Jackson’ D paid for petrol using a stolen credit card, it was decided that he had an existing liability to pay for it by deception through the stolen credit card Inducing a creditor to wait or forgo payment, with (a) There must be an existing liability, but for (b) this offence it is enough if the defendant induces the creditor to wait for payment or forgo payment, the defendant must intend to make a permanent default. ‘Holt and lee’ – Two defendants had a meal i n a pizza restaurant, after they finished they made a plan to tell their waitress they had already made payment to another member of staff, so they could leave without paying. This was heard by an off duty police officer and they were arrested for attempting to induce a creditor to forgo payment. Turner’ (1974) – Defendant owed money for some work done, but the defendant said he had no ready cash and persuaded creditor to accept a cheque which he knew would not be met. Intent Obtaining an exemption from or an abatement of liability – Covers many everyday situations. E. g. People use invalid tickets or claim discounts that they are not entitled to. Leading case’ Sibartie’(1983) Defendant was a law student, bought two season tickets for daily journey, one ticket covering the beginning of his journey and the other ticket covering the end of his journey on; in between were 14 stations including an interchange station which had no valid ticked.At the in terchange station passing a ticket inspector, the appellant flashed ticked so fast so that she could not see what was on it. He with evasion of a liability by deception, contrary to section 2(1) (c) of the Theft Act 1978. ‘Firth 1990)’ – Doctor who failed to inform the NHS hospital, that some patients were private, he avoided paying charged to the hospital. Mens rea [pic]As well as proving deception, it must be shown that a person was deceived evaded liability as a result of deception. Common in all deception offences. Deception is not relevant to the person to whom it is made. ‘Laverty’. D changed number plates and chassis of car and sold to plaintiff. Not deception as plaintiff thought he was owner and no proof of deception. Etim v Hatfield’ D produced false declaration to PO clerk that he was entitled to supplementary benefits. Clerk gave him ? 10. 60. Without deception no payment would be given. Machines, not possible for deception to happ en, however it may be charged as theft. Deception after obtaining is not deception. ‘Collis-Smith’ D filled car up with petrol and claimed that his company would pay for his petrol. Ownership of petrol passed to him. Led to new law of the theft act 1978 under, S2. [pic] It must be proved in all deception offences. The Ghosh Test (1982) – Leading case on dishonesty. Ghosh a doctor, (a locum consultant) at hospital. He claimed fees for operations he had not carried out.COA decided dishonestly has both objective and subjective element. †¢ Was the action dishonest according to the ordinary standards of reasonable & honest people? Objective †¢ Did the defendant realise that what he was doing was dishonest by those standards? Subjective Here the jury would start was the objective test, if it was proved to be dishonest it was carried to the subjective test, however if it was not dishonest he would be acquitted. – Intention to permanently deprive, S15 (3 ) states that S6 shall apply to this offence, the word ‘‘appropriation’ is changed to ‘obtaining. ‘ – Makes the deception deliberately or to be reckless as to whether they are deceiving othersMaking off without payment, is defined under S3 (1) of the Theft Act 1978, it provides ‘a person who, knowing that payment on the spot for any goods supplied or service done is required or expected from him, dishonestly makes off without having paid as required or expected and with intent to avoid payment of the amount due shall be guilty of an offence. ’ The goods supplied or service must be lawful, if not there is no offence. This offence was created as the Theft act 1968 had many loop holes which meant many defendants were getting off not guilty even if defendants conduct seen by many as ‘criminal’. One gap was seen in the case ‘Greenburg’ (1972) – D filled car up at garage and driven off without paying, not guilty as moment petrol was appropriated it belonged to him. Payment on the spot’ includes payment at the time of collecting goods on which work has been done or in respect of which service has been provided. Needs to be proved that POTS was required or expected. ‘Vincent’ (2001) – D stayed at two hotels and left without fully paying his bills, having persuaded both hotel owners, by deception, to postpone payment, so POTS was not required. The COA quashed his conviction under S3, because the hoteliers had agreed to postpone payment, which meant that the actus Reus had not been committed. Makes off – The defendant must make off for the spot that payment is required ‘McDavitt’- D refused to pay a bill after an argument with the manager. D walked towards the door but was told the police were called. D went to the toilet and remained there.Directed jury to acquit the defendant, as he had not made off without payment. ‘Brooks & Brooksà ¢â‚¬â„¢, D1 ran out of a rear door and D2 was caught having walked out of a restaurant. ‘The spot’ was treated as being cash register ‘the spot where payment is required. ’ Mens Rea – Dishonesty (Same as theft) -The Ghosh Test (1982) – Leading case on dishonesty. Ghosh a doctor, (a locum consultant) at hospital. He claimed fees for operations he had not carried out. COA decided dishonestly has both objective and subjective element. †¢ Was the action dishonest according to the ordinary standards of reasonable & honest people? Objective †¢ Did the defendant realise that what he was doing was dishonest by those standards? SubjectiveHere the jury would start was the objective test, if it was proved to be dishonest it was carried to the subjective test, however if it was not dishonest he would be acquitted. Knowledge that payment on the spot is required. It must be established that the defendant knew payment was required or expected of hi m. Examples are restaurants where bill paid before leaving. Intention to avoid payment ‘with intent to avoid payment for the amount due ‘Allen (1985)’ HOL stated there must be an intent permanently to avoid payment. D left hotel without payment of ? 1,286, leaving behind his belongings. He phoned later to say he would pay as soon as he received sufficient money and arranged to collect his belongings and leave his passport as security.Basic criminal damage is set out in S1 (1) of the criminal damage act 1971 where it provides that ‘A person who without lawful excuse destroys or damages any property belonging to another intending to destroy or damage any such property or being reckless as to whether any such property would be destroyed or damaged shall be guilty of an offence. ’ Actus Reus – This phrase is not defined in the act, however old cases have stated that slight damage was sufficient to prove damage. ‘Gayford v Chouler’- Tra mpling down grass, no longer binding but a persuasive precedent. ? ‘Roe v Kingerlee’ – Smearing excrement on walls of a police cell; it cost ? 6 to clean up. ‘Matter of fact and degree,’ damage even if not permanent. ‘Hardman’ – Painting on pavements, removed with jets. None permanent ? ‘Blake v DPP’ – Biblical quotation on a concrete pillar, cost to clean, so held as damage ? ‘Samuel v Stubbs’ – Denting a policeman’s hat, causing a â€Å"temporary functional derangement† ? ‘A v R’ – D spat on policeman shirt, minimal effort to remove, therefore no damage. ? ‘Morphitis v Solmon’ – Scratch on scaffolding pole, doesn’t affect its usefulness or integrity. Defined in S10 (1) of criminal damage act 1971, ‘property’ means pr of a tangible nature, whether real or personal, including money and land; tamed wild creatures (or th eir carcasses); but not including wild mushrooms, fruit or foliage. Not intangibleBelonging to another is defined in S10 (2), provides that property belongs to any person having: custody or control of it; any proprietary right or interest; or a charge on it. Cannot be guilty of damaging or destroying own property. ? ‘Smith 1974’, D removed some electrical wiring . Not guilty, lacked mens rea. Mens Reus – ‘Pembliton (1874) – D threw stone at men who were fighting, missed and broke window. No intention even if he had intent to throw stone. No charge. – ‘Smith 1974’, Believed he was damaging own property. ‘Honest belief, negatives the mens rea. ’ ‘Stephenson (1979) D was tramp sheltering in a hay stack, lit a fire †¦ costs in damages.Would have been guilty if he was not schizophrenic, he didn’t realise the risk. Caldwell (1981), the HOL changed the law. Reckless – created an obvious risk to prope rty†¦.. It was used up to 2003. Gemmell and Richards reinstated the subjected test for recklessness. The two young defendants went camping without their parents' permission. During the night they entered the back yard of a shop and set fire to some bundles of they found and threw some it under a large plastic wheelie-bin and left. The fire spread and caused approximately ? 1m worth of damage. The defendants stated they thought it would extinguish itself because of the concrete, could not be charged as they didn’t realise the risk. 5 (2) (a) – D believed that the owner had consented or would have consented to destruction or damage. S5(2)(b) – D did it to protect some other property which he believed was in immediate need of protection and the means of protection were reasonable having regard to all the circumstances. (a) ‘Denton’, Thought employer had encouraged him to set fire to mill to make insurance claim. (B)’Hunt’ helped wife in duty as deputy warden in block of flats. Set fire to bedding to show alarms didn’t work. Conviction upheld as not for protection. (b)Conviction upheld – Baker and Williams, only for immediate danger. (Endangering Life) Aggravated criminal Damage is under S1 (2) of Criminal damage act (1971). A person who without lawful excuse destroys or damages any property, whether belonging to himself or another – (a) intending to destroy or damage any property or being reckless as to whether any property would be destroyed or damaged; and (b) intending by the destruction or damage to endanger the life of another or being reckless as to whether the life of another would be thereby endangered; shall be guilty of an offence. ’. Much more serious than basic, carries life sentence. The danger must come from the destruction/damage. ’ Steer (1987) – D fired 3 shots at the window of ex business partner, causing damage. Not guilty danger from shots. ‘We bster – D pushed large stone from bridge on to train, caused damage & showered passengers with debris, based on Recklessness. ‘Warwick’ – D rammed s police car and threw brick at it, causing damage and showered the officer with broken glass.Aggravated criminal damage the life doesn’t have to be endangered. ‘Sangha’ D set fire to mattress & 2 chairs in neighbours flat, however flat was empty and no one was at risk. Realised risk he would be guilty even if no actual risk. ‘Merrick’ – Employed to removed cables, life live wire out for 6 minutes, no one was hurt, but charged, if it was owner he would also be guilty. Mens Rea Intention or Recklessness as to destroying or damaging any property; and Intention or reckless as to whether the life is endangered by the destruction or damage. (Same meaning as basic offence). The prosecution must prove that the defendant was both aware of risk and danger.R( Stephen Malcolm) d was 15 years old, with friends thrown milk bottles filled with petrol at the outside of neighbour flat. This caused sheets of flame across window, thus endangering the lives of occupants, guilty. Arson – Under s1 (3) of the criminal damage act 1971, ‘an offence committed under this section by destroying or damaging property by fire shall be charged as arson. ’ the maximum penalty if life imprisonment. The basic offence of criminal damage must contain destruction through fire, thus the rest is the same. Aggravated Arson – Prosecution must prove that the defendant intended or was reckless as to whether life was endangered by the damage or destruction by fire. ‘Miller’ HOL held that arson can be committed through omission.

Mexico City Speech

Good morning sir and class today I'm going to talk to you about an ancient city that has grown to become the 10th largest cityà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and the 2nd largest urban agglomeration in the worldà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ this city is Mexico City. Click Mexico City is the capital of Mexico and is the country's centre for politics, higher education, industry, culture and transportation. It's tremendous population and rapid growth has also brought about some of the worst urban problems in the world. Click. Mexico City pretty much lies in the centre of Mexico about halfway between the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean Click. A place like Mexico City would have been quite an ideal place to build a city as it was built on an area that was once a lake, which means a lot of access to water and fertile soil for agriculture which fed its inhabitants and the terrain was fairly flat. Mexico City is in the middle of a valley surrounded by large mountains much like a bowl (make description of city as a bowl). The city is located at a very high altitude of 2240 metres, to give you an idea of how high that is Canberra is only about 500m above sea level. Mexico cities high altitude accounts for the cool, dry climate Click that the city experiences. As we can see from the chart the rainy season lasts from May to October. The history of Mexico City is as vast as the city itself. The area where Mexico city is located was first called tay-nock-tee-lahn, which was the capital of the Aztec empire in 1440, the Aztec empire was conquered in the 1500's by the Spanish and gained independence in 1821,when it was named Mexico city and has served as the country's capital ever since. Click from this historical map of Mexico city in 1628 we can see the surrounding lakes which have today been drained, evenly spaced agriculture surrounding the city which had good access to the lakes for water, there's a main road running from the farms to the city to get food in quickly. Mexico City always had a small population which grew slowly but it wasn't until the latter part of the nineteenth century that Mexico City modernized rapidly. Migration was more important than natural increase in fuelling the population growth in Mexico City. The urban agglomeration of Mexico City had gone from a population of Click 1.6 million in 1940, 5.4 million in 1960, 13.9 million in 1980, and about 15.6 million in 1995. The city's population has doubled about every 15 years since the early 20th century, when its population was less than one million. To a large extent, this extraordinary rate of growth is due to the centralising policies of the federal government, which favoured urban over rural development. The federal government concentrated industrial production, wealth and services in Mexico City. The city, therefore, had access to electricity, water and drainage facilities, and was the focus of major infrastructural investments such as roads and public transportation. In turn, this centralisation led to an intense concentration of population. People were drawn to the capital for employment opportunities and to improve their qual ity of life, as it provided services such as education, health, potable water, and sewerage that were not available in rural areas. Economy Mexico City dominates the whole country's economy. The Federal District of Mexico City produces a significant portion of the total gross domestic product of the country. The city is the centre of manufacturing, and contains about 45 percent of the nation's industrial production. Exports include textiles, chemicals,click pharmaceuticals, electronic items, steel, and transportation equipment, most of the cities trade is done with the U.S. The city is also important in Mexico's banking and finance industries and home to the reserve bank and the stock exchange click. The concentration of economic activity in the city attracted people from rural areas in search of employment. People moved to the city faster than new jobs were created. The city is the centre for Mexico's commercial activity and is a major tourist area. Agriculture, mining, and trade dominated Mexico City's economy for the most part of its history especially agriculture. Bu an industrial economy began to take root in the early 1900s and the population began to flourish. Cultural Being one of the oldest cities in the Americas, Mexico City contains thousands of years of cultural achievement. Mexico City dominates the country's cultural life with numbers of universities, museums, and cultural institutions that are not seen in other Mexican cities. One-third of Mexico's institutions of higher learning are located in the capital, the largest being the National Autonomous University of Mexico. Its rapid rise in enrollment, from 40,000 in 1960 to 135,000 in the mid-1990s, reflects both the increase in the city's population and the rising aspirations of Mexicans. The Historic Centre of the city lies in the heart of the downtown area surrounding the Zà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½calo click, which is the second largest plaza in the world, surpassed only by Red Square in Moscow. A rather overwhelming public space, the Zà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½calo is the scene of major public ceremonies and military displays. Talk while reffering to pic Overlooking the Zà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½calo to the north is the Cathedral Metropolitana. It is the largest cathedral in North America. The Palacio Nacional which once housed the president is located on the east side of the Zà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½calo. The zocolo was built at the beginning of the city Click point out historic map and zocolo. There's the Zocolo in the middle where people would have accumulated to trade goods. Whilst the number of parks in the city is quite sparse it does contain the countries largest park, Chapultepec click which is 2000 acres of woods, lakes, hiking trails, playgrounds, amusement parks, a zoo and excellent museums. Museums are a trademark of Mexico City and some famous ones include Mexico's Museum of Modern Art, the Museum of Natural History, and the National Museum of Anthropology. In total, the city actually has around 160 museums, over 100 art galleries, and some 30 concert halls. Sport is a significant part of Mexican culture and most of Mexico's major sporting events are staged in Mexico City. Click Mexico City is the place to go to see Mexico's most popular sport soccer, bullfighting, baseball, boxing and horse racing. The city has one of the largest stadiums in the world which seat 130,000 people and was the host of the 1968 Olympics. Mexico is the only city in Mexico where you are likely to see big name bands touring, theatre productions and opera. The city is home to many festivals including the principal religious festival which is the holy day of guadelpe the patron saint, the festival basically brings the hustle and bustle of this city to a short halt with many shops closing click. City Of Inequality Every day, hundreds of people flock to Mexico City in search of a better life – many getting no further than the growing shanty-towns that ring the outskirts click. These stand in harsh contrast to the stylish, modern offices click and apartment blocks located in prestigious parts of the city. The major condition dividing the city's population is wealth. Mexico City is a city of sharp social contrasts. It plays host to the poverty of many of its inhabitants, but also to the luxury and refinement of others. Wealthy residential sections are characterized by housing and suburban retail centres that rival the most luxurious in the world. These neighbourhoods are often in sharp disparity to the poorer sections click, where housing is substandard, access to basic services such as water, electricity, drainage, and paved streets is limited, and the standard of living is well below the poverty level. Almost half of housing in Mexico City consists of self help structures, which are communities built illegally on government owned land, much like favelas but the occupants improve he look of the house. These structures are open to wind rain and have no access to water, garbage disposal, electricity and minimal healthcare facilities. Healthcare rates are just too expensive for the poor to pay for. People moved to the city faster than new jobs were created. Many of these new residents were unskilled workers. They were unable to find employment in the city, contributing to problems of unemployment. With no legitimate way of earning money, the poor have had to take drastic measures. Unfortunately, this growing level of poverty and rapid growth has resulted in major urban problems, including crime, poor housing, some of the worst pollution in the world, poor sanitation and terrible traffic. The crime in Mexico city click is among the worst in the world. Over 3,000 kidnappings were reported in 2003, ranking as the second highest in the world. The rich have resorted to hiring bodyguards. The black market for example is a very large illegal operation contributing to the crime crisis giving many people options for obtaining illegal items, you buy anything on the black market from drugs to bombs and there's been instances where people like tourists have gone to a bar in Mexico city, got absolutely wasted, passed out and have woken up the next morning to find that they are missing one of their kidneys. Criminals have surgically removed the kidney and it's more than likely for sale on the black market. Traffic The traffic in Mexico city is the worst in the world click, each day 5 million vehicles can be seen clogging the small road networks of Mexico city, Therefore vehicles are the main contributor the cities largest environmental problem air pollution Click. From the graph we can see that transportation makes up about 3 quarters of total emissions. The air pollution in Mexico City is the worst in the word. The fact that the city is situated in a basin makes the air pollution even worst, because the air that has accumulated is kept in the area because it's like a bowl click this photo shows that pollution is held in by the surrounding mountains which stops winds from coming in and blowing the pollution away. The effects that pollution would have on the citizens of Mexico City is quite devastating click, here I've made a diagram showing the various effects that are brought about by such terrible pollution. Talk about diagram Air pollution may be the worst of Mexico cities pollution but other forms of pollution also affect Mexico city Water pollution in Mexico city is quite terrible Click in the rivers of Mexico city you a likely to find waste, drugs and even the odd dead body. The amount Click of light released by the millions of citizens of Mexico City creates terrible light pollution which leaves the city in a yellow haze. In conclusion Mexico may not be one of the most glamorous cities since it contains some of the worst urban problems in the world, but this secondary city is the most important in Mexico, its nearly Six times larger than any other Mexican City, Mexico city dominates the economic, cultural and political life of Mexico. This combined with Mexico cities vast history has thus given it a unique identity.

Internship Report on Ptcl

INTERNSHIP REPROT On FI-CO_ERP in [pic] ERP-Accounts & Finance Submitted By Faisal Rasheed Internship Report on PTCL Purpose Of Internship The purpose of this internship is to understand how the practical work is performed in a computer based ERP solution. In addition, to practically learn concepts which have been learned theoretically in education and to develop the understanding of the function performed by ERP Accounts and Finance. Scope of Internship In six weeks training span, it is difficult to understand every work flow of each Sub sections of Accounts & Finance department because of its huge volume of work.The main focus was in the FICO module including General Ledger, creation of vendors, Customers, issuance/Receiving of advance, parking of invoices, posting and payment/receipt of invoices and cheque printing, Addition in Defaulters, Bad debts Provisions, Adjustment of Provision, and Recovery from Defaulter. Constitution and ownership, Mission, Vision & Core Values Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL) Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (â€Å"the holding Company†) was incorporated in Pakistan on December 31, 1995 and commenced business on January 01, 1996. The Company is listed on Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad stock exchanges.The Company was established to undertake the telecommunication business formerly carried on by Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation (PTC). The business was transferred to the Company on January 01, 1996 under the Pakistan Telecommunication (Re-organization) Act, 1996 at which date the Company took over all the properties, rights, assets, obligations and liabilities of PTC except those transferred to National Telecommunication Corporation (NTC), Frequency Allocation Board (FAB), Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) and Pakistan Telecommunication Employees Trust (PTET).The registered office of the Company is situated at PTCL Headquarters, G-8/4, Islamabad. As a consequence of PTCL’s privati zation during 2006, 26 % of its shares were acquired by Etisalat International Pakistan LLC, based in the UAE. Pak Telecom Mobile Limited (PTML) PTML was incorporated in Pakistan on July 18, 1998, as a public limited company, to provide cellular mobile telephony services in Pakistan. PTML commenced its commercial operations on January 29, 2001, under the brand name of Ufone . It is a wholly owned subsidiary of PTCL. The registered office of PTML is situated at F-7 Markaz, Islamabad.Maskatiya Communications (Private) Limited (MAXCOM) On March 01, 2010 the holding Company acquired 100 % shares of MAXCOM. MAXCOM has been voluntarily wound up, effective June 01, 2011 based on a special resolution passed by the members of MAXCOM. The net assets of MAXCOM have been transferred to PTCL at a book value amounting to Rs 68,382 thousand and the goodwill related to acquisition of MAXCOM has been written off during the year. PTCL Corporate Vision To be the leading ICT service provider in the reg ion by achieving customers’ satisfaction and maximizing shareholders’ value. PTCL Mission To achieve our vision by having: †¢ An organizational environment that fosters †¢ professionalism, motivation and quality. †¢ An environment that is cost effective and quality †¢ conscious. †¢ Services that are based on the most optimum †¢ technology. †¢ â€Å"Quality† and â€Å"Time† conscious customer services. †¢ Sustained growth in earnings and profitability. PTCL Core Values †¢ Professional Integrity †¢ Customer Satisfaction †¢ Teamwork †¢ Company Loyalty Organizational Structure Accounts & Finance Department Related to ERP Only Under the President & C. E. O, total 9 department head Including seven S. E. V. P’s, C. T.O and C. I. O are working each one is responsible for formulating planning & strategies at corporate level with the support of their Teams. Each S. E. V. P has more than one E. V. Pà ¢â‚¬â„¢s and their teams. Under S. E. V. P Finance– C. F. O, three E. V. P’s are working related to Revenue Accounts & Revenue Assurance, Financial Planning & Treasury Management, & Accounts Services. Under the E. V. P- Accounts Services, total two General Managers including G. M Accounts Taxation & Financial Reporting, G. M ERP Finance & Assets Management are working. Each G. M has at least one Senior Manager or Manager or both. Each S.M or Manager has at least one Financial Analyst or Assistant Manager. Internees are reportable to Assistant Manager or Financial Analyst. ERP and Its Functionality ERP (enterprise resource planning) is an industry term for the broad set of activities that helps a business manage the important parts of its business. The information made available through an ERP system provides visibility for key performance indicators (KPIs) required for meeting corporate objectives. ERP software applications can be used to manage product planning, parts purchasing, inventories, interacting with suppliers, providing customer service, and tracking orders.ERP can also include application modules for the finance and human resources aspects of a business. Typically, an ERP system uses or is integrated with a relational database system. [pic] SAP – ERP Solution and its Functional Support [pic] SAP (System Application Product) R/3 is a 3 tier Real time data processing system developed by SAP AG, a German software company. The R/3 system, which is also known as ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) System, is a tightly integrated collection of applications designed to handle the entire data processing for many different types and sizes of organizations.Within R/3 is a run time environment and a set of application programs written in ABAP/4 programming language, which are highly customizable and scalable. SAP R/3 system has a three-tier client/server architecture. The classic configuration of an R/3 system contains three software layer s, as given in the below picture. [pic] †¢ Presentation layer The PC-based GUI interface that is used by the end-user community. †¢ Application layer The SAP application servers that service requests for data and manage the interface to the presentation layer. †¢ Database layerThe actual DBMS that communicates with the application servers to fulfill their requests for data. SAP allows the IT supported processing of a multitude of tasks, accruing in a typical company or bank. SAP ERP is differing from R/3 mainly because it is based on SAP NetWeaver: core components can be implemented in ABAP and in Java and new functional areas are mostly no longer created as part of the previous ERP system, with closely interconnected constituents, but as self-contained components or even systems. SAP in PTCL Every company has its own unique business processes to meet requirement and challenges. That is why PTCL uses the SAP.SAP is standard project system it is divided into three serv ers. 1. Development Server 100 & 300 2. Quality Assurance Server 600 & 790 3. Production. Server 800 In the development Server 100 new developments are made by SEMINES/ PTCL Development Team with help on business functional Team leads, technical coding is done in this server through SPRO & ABAP Language. The ERP staff consolidates the issues of users and solves them as per requirements. ERP Team Test the development made in development Server 300. Development server data, after testing the codlings and commands, is readily available for transferring to quality server.In the SAP the quality assurance is made for learning and testing. The QAS(Quality Assurance Server) 600 or 790 is used for the trainings purposes and to familiarize the user with the system. After testing the data, based on real scenarios, in quality Server the data is ready for transferring in production from where the users use it live. Production Server 800 is the main and live part of System Application Product on which all the financial and non financial records are kept on real time basis. FICO( Financial & Controlling) Module Includes the Following FI (Financial):- †¢ General Ledger accounting †¢ Accounts payable Accounts receivable †¢ Asset accounting †¢ Travel Management CO (Controlling):- †¢ Cost element accounting †¢ Cost center accounting †¢ Internal orders †¢ Profit center accounting †¢ Profitability analysis Following Pictures will help you in understanding the SP ERP FICO Module and the related departments head functions of any organization. Process Flow: Payments & FR: Signatory Authority and Responsibility for Payment Drawing and Disbursement Office (DDO) i. e S. M of each region who is responsible for all nature of payment & recoveries related to employees, supplier and contractor as per policies and contracts made by this department.Financial Reporting DDOs in regions recognize the financial transactions in whole month and the 3 work ing day of the next month are given to each department so that they can make sure the closing of last month is completed. Accounts section in the head quarter downloads all data related to each month from the main server & prepares an unregistered trail balance for the same, and then forward it to the SM nominal ledger for finalizes the records hence the financial information with any error can be rectified immediately so that Financial Statements can made on timely basis.Monthly accounts, Quarterly, Half yearly & Yearly accounts are maintained and compared with the last year. Some estimates and provisions at year end are taken to the annual report. PTCL follow financial year from July to June Whereas ETISALAT follow calendar year as Financial Year. ERP SAP Assignment I was given internship with GM ERP-Finance whereas I had worked with Manager ERP-Finance and Financial Analyst D. B & I. S. They taught me many concept of SYSTEM APPLICTION PRODUCT (SAP) – FICO, & I am very than kful to both of them.Following are the major activities performed by Financial Analyst in Accounts Payable; a part of FICO Module in SAP. Vendor Master Record: †¢ Create/Change/ Display/ Block or Unblock Vendor Master Data (T CODE FK01, FK02, FK03,FK05): Type FK01 in command Line and press enter; here you will be asked for the fields of vendors to be filled like Company Code, Vendor Group, Title Mr. Mrs. M/S etc, Name, street address, Postal Code, Telephone, VAT Reg No, Vendor Bank Details, Sort Key, Payment Terms, and Payment Method. For the display use FK02 and if any changes in any field of vendor required use FK03.If you want to block or unblock any Vendor use FK05. See below how to do the above task manually means without using TCODES, by using SAP Menu. †¢ Parking of vender invoice (TCODE FV60, F-63) Credit Memo(TCODE FV65): Parking saves the data in the form of batches, here the entry is saved but without updating the related ledge. Posting is required for updating GL Balances. You can park invoices or credit memos which mean that you enter the invoice data or credit memo data in the system and save it in a document, but the system does not post this invoice initially.You can change a parked document as often as you wish, for example, by adding or correcting data. The changes are logged. When you have finished changing the document, you can post the parked document. Only when you post an invoice or credit memo, does the system carry out the normal account movements and make the necessary updates. Why we Need of Parking? Document Parking by One Accounts Payable Clerk An employee is interrupted when entering an invoice. He or she can park the document and continue processing it later on. This saves him or her having to enter the data twice.OR An employee wants to clarify certain issues before posting an invoice. He or she can park the document and continue processing it later on. This saves him or her having to enter the data twice. The process flow is organized in such a way that one employee parks invoices without checking them. Another employee then performs invoice verification and posts the parked documents, possibly after changing them. OR The process flow is organized in such a way that one employee saves invoices as complete for posting, this means that the balance is zero and no more changes are necessary.Another employee then approves these invoice documents, if they are subject to release. †¢ Posting of vender invoice/ Credit Memo or Changing in Parked Invoice (for TCODE See Picture): If you are directly posting an invoice/ credit memo then choose Document Entry 1st highlighted menu, otherwise to post the parked documents choose Parked document. Any changes in the post or parked document shall be dealt from the 2nd highlighted menu. †¢ Outgoing Payment or Down Payment or Print Cheques (for TCODE See Picture): Outgoing Payment means payment against the booked invoice which is dealt with the 1st highligh ted menu.On the other hand, Down Payment means the Payment before the Invoice creation which is dealt through 2nd highlighted menu and the clearing of the same will also be dealt from this menu. In the both transaction you Debit the Vendor Account and Credit the Bank. Only difference is the Special GL indicator â€Å"a† which is used for down payment. As per PTCL / PTML policy no advance has been given to any Vendor without PO (approved) so this field is mandatory. Another interesting thing, payments are made by the Cheques (see highlighted 2nd & 3rd menu). To print Cheques following steps are required.When a vendor invoice is parked document containing 25000xxx is generated. Next step is to post the invoice by a senior manager (as signatory authority) which generates document no. 26000xxx. Now Cheque is available for printing. Time barred Cheque is a type represents those Cheques which are not presented within six months, these will be reversed by the S. M. †¢ REPORTING : Display Balances, Display/Change Line Items, Clearing except Down Payment (for TCODE See Picture): From highlighted menu you can view the balances or you can change any line item or you can clear invoices, reversals, credit memos, outgoing Payment.However, Down payment partial clearing should be done from the down payment menu as mentioned in the previous page TCODE F-54. Clearing a vendor document means nothing is outstanding for the document; the document is completed in all respect. [pic] SAP Include many modules which are integrated with each other in such a way that output of one module can be used as input for another or the same module. The following Landscape Picture represents the all SAP modules functionality & its practical application. Almost all of the modules are purchased by PTCL and working. Other Task other than ERP SAPSM Data Base Account coordinates with different integrated modules of system SAP i. e. FI, CO, HCM &MM. SM Data Base Account is directly reportable to the GM Accounts for any problem regarding working in SAP and also reportable to gm ERP Finance regarding FICO Role assignment. Following are the some responsibilities of Financial Analyst Data Base Account on which I have worked. Account Payable (Create, Block, And Unblock Vender) Non PO Based Vendors are created in SAP by a financial analyst Accounts & database. From time to time these vendors are blocked due to some reasons e. g.Vendor regularly not in use, block for payment or block for business. However, whenever any blocked vendor is needed it can be activated/ unblocked. Account Receiveable (Create, block, and unblock customer) Customers are also created in the account data base department. These customers can be blocked, unblock at any time as per the requirement of the user. Fico Role Assignment New employee is assigned to work on SAP FICO Module; user role assignment for quality server 90 is made by financial analyst Accounts & database. This form includes the TCODES he or she is going to use on SAP.GM ERP Finance, SM Accounts Database, GM ERP Teams, and new user must sign Role Assignment Document. After this step, ERP team creates new user on QAS (Quality Assurance Server). Once the user is familiar with the TCODES and its working on Quality he or she can apply for the Production Server 800 which is also dealt from this office. Liaison with Finance, Accounts and ERP An interesting task which is also performed here is to convey the problem of the FICO end users to the ERP Team on timely basis so that solution can be immediately available for the user who can then work efficiently.Other Tasks To make each month a report of the users who are using TCODES which are not assigned any more to them and with the help of ERP Team withdraw these roles from their users as per authority matrix. To make sure all the GL, Vendor, Customers, Commitment items are also available in QAS 790 if compared with Production Server 800. MS Outlook is also used all over the departments and is becoming very powerful tool to convey massages on timely basis. This office receives emails for Vendors and Customers creation, blocking and unblocking. Special Terms used in SAP:I had gone through many TCODES in SAP which were the part of FICO; it is not difficult to grip on SAP in this 6 weeks training if you are familiar with these terminologies given below you can easily understand how SAP works. Commitment Item: These account numbers are basically used for the allocation of budgets. Relationship of CI to GL is one to many which means One CI can cover more than one GL. e. g. there are so many Maintenance GL, however only one commitment item for these GL’s can be choose for budget allocation. Sort Key: It indicates the layout rule for the Allocation field in the document line item.Assignment Field: Assignment Field is a part of Line Item Display. The system notes the line items that have been posted to each customer account. You can display the line ite ms on the line item display screen. You can specify the sort sequence of the line items by entering a key in the Sort key field in the account master record. This key specifies how the Assignment field is to be filled in the line items that are posted to the customer account. When you call up the line item display, the system sorts the line items according to the contents of this field.You can change the sort sequence in the line item display. e. g. 002 is the sort key when you make Customer or Vendor for NON PO BASED in PTCL company code 1100. 002 sort key is configured to display the document number with fiscal year as assignment field. Special GL Indicator: For all line items in customer or vendor accounts which are updated to an alternative reconciliation account in the general ledger, the special G/L indicator determines which account is to be selected e. g. â€Å"A† is used for down payment of Vendors; â€Å"M† is used for defaulters of Accounts Receivable.Accoun t Type: Key that specifies the accounting area to which an account belongs like asset accounts, customer accounts, vendor accounts, G/L accounts etc. The account type is required in addition to the account number in order to identify an account, since the same account number can be used for each account type . e. g. â€Å"K† for Vendors, â€Å"D† for Customer Document Type: It classifies the accounting documents. It is stored in the document header. Attributes that control the entry of the document, or which are themselves noted in the document, are defined for each document type.Like â€Å"KA† is a vendor document. Posting key specifies the nature of account (e. g. GL account, Customer account, Vendor account etc. ) and controls the debit / credit indicator of the amount e. g. â€Å"40† is used for GL Debit â€Å"50† is used for GL credits Stimulation: means overview of accounting document after: o Execution of all Substitutions o Execution of all validations o Creation of automatically created line Items Profit Center: A profit center is a management-oriented organizational unit used for internal controlling purposes.Dividing your company up into profit centers allows you to analyze areas of responsibility and to delegate responsibility to decentralized units, thus treating them as â€Å"companies within the company†. Cost Center: An organizational unit within a controlling area that represents a defined location of cost incurrence. Its a part of a company seen as a separate area of responsibility, location or cost-accounting entity. Place at which costs occur. Company Code: The company code is an organizational unit within financial accounting, e. g. 1100 for PTCL & 1300 for UFONE (PTML).Account Group: The Account Group to which your vendor/ Customer/ Employee will belongs to. Control key in the Bank Details: Represent nature of account (i. e. Current a/c, Saving a/c, etc. ) Withholding Tax Type: This indicator is u sed to classify the different types of withholding tax eg. â€Å"Z2† is used payment for supply of Goods; â€Å"Z3† is used for contractors; â€Å"Z4† is used for payment of services W/tax Code: Codes determine is the various percentage rates for the withholding tax type. Liable: If you set this indicator, you tell the system that the vendor is subject to withholding tax for this withholding tax type.If the involved party vendor or employee is exempted from withholding tax so provide details of exemption. e. g. 3. 5%, 6% etc Reference Document Number: The reference document number can contain the document number of the business partner, but a different entry can also be made. The reference document number can be used as search criteria for document display/change. Period: Account transaction figures are updated per period within the fiscal year . A maximum of 16 periods can be updated. You define how a fiscal year is divided into periods per company code e. g. p eriod means March and 1 period means July. Document Header Text: This text contains explanations or notes which apply to the document as a whole, that is, not only for certain line items. Findings and Recommendations in Processes †¢ In PTCL there is a room for improvement. Besides, this is one of the best organization w. r. t. its environment, culture and SOP’s. †¢ In my opinion, meetings with the lower staff should also be done at least once in a month in a friendly manner. Managers, Senior Managers, & General Manager should ask their working problems in their respective epartment and should also ask for the solutions. †¢ E mail in PTCL taken the place of meetings. In my point of view, email of an officer should be considered as authentic proof for getting required authorization for any task. †¢ Coordination and Communication between departments are excellent. †¢ One department must support another department irrespective of their own interest. Organ ization Interest must be the first priority while working. †¢ I believe that Job rotations should be done to improve skills of employees in all related departments. I found employees are very loyal and dedicated towards their assigned work. †¢ Extracurricular activities arrange by PTCL like Painting Exhibition is another good and relaxing activity for employees and their families. In my opinion, such occasion must be held at least once a year. SPECIAL THANKS I am indebted and thankful to the PTCL which gave me a chance to learn about the business processes of accounts and finance wing and also thankful to the staff especially to the Manager ERP Finance and Financial Analyst D.B & I. S under whom I was attached with. They are all professional and cooperative and guided me that how to work in a professional environment. [pic][pic][pic] ———————– S. E. V. P Finance/ CFO President / Vice President E. V. P Account Services G. M Accounts G. M ERP Finance S. M Accounts D. B & I. S Financial Analyst ERP Accounts Financial Analyst D. B & I. S Manager ERP Finance Accounts ———————– 21

To what extent and in what sense can we say that professional and Essay

To what extent and in what sense can we say that professional and managerial careers are gendered and radicalised - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that professional and managerial personnel include workers who have attained a higher level of education; therefore, they are skilled employees who have relevant experience in their areas of study such as, managers and technicians. For a long time, such careers were male-dominated, but today, women are moving to the hitherto male-dominated professionals, for instance, pilots, drivers, technicians, lawyers, and medical personnel among others. As a result, women are breaking the glass ceiling by beating all odds in order to fit in the once male-dominated society. In the 60s, the role of female, especially in America was changing, with more women having paid jobs, and an increase in their dissatisfaction on gender disparities. However, according to the International labour office, Geneva, the employment situation for women to date continues to show signs of inequality in terms of pay, market participation, and unemployment rates compared to th at of men. In addition, there is a notable slow rate of progress in women’s managerial positions compared to men; as a result, majority of men continue to occupy the top jobs, leaving women in lower categories. Majority of women and men have specific qualities that make them suitable in certain positions in both professional and managerial careers. Therefore, equal distribution of labor and employment opportunities should be in existence. Moreover, women continue to face the glass ceiling, and even as managers, the chances of advancements are limited compared to those of men. Needless to say, women are sometimes forced to work harder in order to prove themselves compared to men (International labour office, Geneva, 2004, p.2). In addition, the professional and managerial careers require extended working hours, which influence chances of promotion; however, it is difficult for women to take up the long working hours, because they have other responsibilities as mothers and wive s. As a result, men stand at an advantage in these careers, leaving women to cater for family alone, which is very unfair, as women are denied the chances of career advancement. According to Watts (2009, p.41), rejecting long-working hours is a catalyst for job loss, or lack of promotion opportunities. Therefore, creating a work-family balance is important for both the employer and the employees; indeed, family should not be a cause of inequality for women. According to Acker (2008, p.443), all organizations have some aspects of inequalities, especially gender-wise; however, organizations vary in the degree of the presence and severity of disparities. A survey conducted by ILM, on 3,000 employees revealed that barriers exist for women who seek senior positions in organizations in the United Kingdom. As a result, managerial career aspirations for women continue to lag behind compared to those of men (The Guardian, 2011). The study also revealed that 24% of women below the age of 30ye ars start their own business compared to 20% of men who do the same (The Guardian, 2011). Therefore, this study reveals that there is a high level of unemployment for women compared to men, which results to business ownership. As mentioned earlier, women are commonly under-represented in the managerial and professional careers; for instance in 1994, SAS

Immigration Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Immigration Studies - Essay Example With the strong determination of the Chinese immigrants to start a new life, the new Chinatown in Los Angeles was created. The transformation of the old Chinatown to a new and better one opened a number of possibilities and opportunities to Chinese businessmen and residents. The new Chinatown became one of the global economic centers in the entire United States due to industrialization and emergence of a number of businesses and trades within the area. These were also added by the establishment of Chinatown art scene in the late 1990s. The Chinatown art scene showcased the rich history, beliefs, traditions, and cultures of Chinese which attracted a number of local and international tourists to visit and witness various cultural heritage of Chinese. Museums and galleries had been made to house these cultural attractions which give tourists broader knowledge and understanding on Chinese culture. Consequently, the tourism industry in China town grew and developed. This further allows Ch inese immigrants to have another means of living/ earn extra income. ... The place is known to be the â€Å"ideal home city and the residential center for industrial workers† (Sides 584) which attracted and encouraged a number of Californians to migrate in the Compton for them to have greater chances of having white-collar jobs and to experience suburban tranquility and peacefulness. The industrialization of the city further benefited all its residents as it gave a more comfortable environment to work and live in. The place was highly dominated by white Americans who strongly restrict black Americans to enter or to even cross over Compton mainly because of their negative perceptions that â€Å"black are both unnecessary and evil† (Sides 585). Stereotyping in the entire city can greatly be observed which can be manifested on the resistance of the white Americans of the construction of Compton’s housing complex for it was considered as â€Å"Negro housing† (Sides 585). They further engaged into harassing African American motorist s who dared to cross in the boundaries of Compton. However, due to the results on the case of Shelley v. Kramer and Barrows v. Jackson, the Supreme Court finally decided to abolish â€Å"racially restrictive housing covenants† (Sides 585) allowing black Americans to freely own a land and a house especially in Compton. After which, there was a growing number of Black American families who had acquired chances to have double income, opportunities to have blue and white collar jobs, as well as the privilege to be in an urban community which is highly industrialized. On the other hand, the perception of white Americans on blacks remained the same. They do not want to live in a community with a number of blacks surrounding them. Thus, most of them decided to sell their houses and properties to

Critical contexts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Critical contexts - Essay Example e principles of EU law within its borders and since there is no distinction between citizens and non-citizens in its provisions, then UK is bound to apply all EU laws without discrimination on all persons subject to its jurisdiction. Under international law, a state has prescriptive jurisdiction or authority to apply its national laws on all persons within its jurisdiction, regardless of the nationality of persons. The application of this authority within its territory is exclusive and absolute but may be subject to such concept as exterritoriality, usually in the form of diplomatic immunity. This authority may also be extended outside of its territory under the extraterritoriality principle subject to the grant of authority by another state (Dixon 143-144, 146). Since Gabrielle was a worker in UK prior to her death with a valid working visa, she was subject to its jurisdiction. Thus, under the EU law she was supposed to be subject to its protection by implication and extension. Her mere presence within the UK jurisdiction entitled her to the rights reserved under the EU law. The same was true in the case of Karl while he was temporarily in UK under a tourist visa. His presence within the country’s jurisd iction had entitled him to protection under the EU law. In the event of failure of the UK government to protect them as provided by the terms of the EU Charter, gives them the right to file a complaint before the European Court of Justice. The usual procedure is for individual litigants to challenge in the country’s courts the failure of the State to apply Community law and if the court needs assistance to rule on the issue before it, it may refer the matter to the European Court of Justice under Article 234 of the EC Treaty (Weatherill 2007 95). In line with the above, Gabrielle could have gone to a UK court to file a complaint against her employers for their discriminatory treatment re her salary. Under the Article 15 of the European Charter, â€Å"nationals

Abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 10

Abortion - Essay Example According to Rank’s Persuasion Mode, the persuaders on the two position take the schemas of intensify and downplay. (Hitchcock, David, and Bart, 15) In the January, 20, 2014 article written by Jeremy W. Peters, though the headline of the paper suggests that â€Å"Both sides of the abortion issue expressed their views at the last year’s March for Life in Washington†, the emphasis has been laid on Pro Life. The expression presented is that â€Å"there will be a demonstration of the annual anti-abortion, and should the demonstrators need a lift after the demonstration, then they may hope on the free shuttle that would be provided by the republican. From these preceding connotation my The New York Time columnist, clearly, it would be said that the writer is using intensify. Emphasis is created in how supporters of the abortion are not just getting support from significant party like Republican, but also with the benefits presented. In the subsequent paragraph, the writer makes statements that create intensity in the weaknesses of the position presented by Jill Cowan of Los Angeles Times. According to the commentary by Jill Cowan, the column is presented with the Headline: â€Å"State allows Hoag Hospital to refuse elective abortion†. Jill notes that Hoag Hospital had successfully managed to impose the ban on abortion considering that they had made a partnership with the Catholic healthcare providers, and considering that they must also appreciate the demands of the State, they will have no option but to refer their clients to other places where they can get abortion services. In relation to what was presented by The New York Times, it sounds clear that the Los Angeles Times is presenting some issue which evidently does not appreciate the health of the mother. New York Time has tried to intensify the weakness of the position taken by Los Angeles Times in this case. According to the theory of Rank’ s Model, the

Reading and answer questions 7 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reading and answer questions 7 - Assignment Example In the developing world, the media has been instrumental in channeling the pervasive social and political disparities, as seen in the Indonesian case. The ban of press influence in the 1990s was a political move directed towards incapacitating the medias role in addressing the formidable autocratic system that was paralyzing the sectors of the economy (49). The media was a conduit addressing massive corruption, impunity, and aggression to the media apparatus by the system, in an effort to suppress their growing authority. The importance of press goes beyond a conduit of information or a catalyst for action (54). The media retains a central role in preserving and writing history; in the contemporary world, the journalists are faced with channeling information that has led to revolutions that have corrected social and political ills, as seen in Indonesia after the ban on Tempo newspaper (57). The press is a particular kind of history agent: it has led to several special moments in Malaysia, the Arab world (the recent Arab Revolution), and the political tectonic shifts in the U.K. (Secessionist Politics) that has revolutionized modern politics. Currently, the historical role has been fossilized in the names of newspapers like Times Newspapers, Voice of People, and People’s Thought, among many other globally (58). The juxtaposition of the Danish Cartoon and the Indonesian press evolution sprouts several questions about the authority of the press, and whether it is morally justifiable for the government to stem its operations. The Danish cartoon was seen as an insult to the Islamic religion, and in effect spawned widespread protests among the believers. However, the cartoonist and the media house had a different opinion: the imagery was a manifestation of freedom of expression (59). The scene breeds the question: why was the media defense so evasive and persuasive to the European audience and not others? The imagery

Topic4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Topic4 - Essay Example At first, Sam without mentioning details of how the launch was going to be made, merely quoted @$75 per head for 100 delegates and a venue fee of $ 2500 thus totaling the contract amount as $10,000. Dean was unimpressed and hence declined Sam's offer. It was only after this; Sam mentioned that a famous Chef Yahoo Nim would attend the event and that a special promotional invitation on Oh My Manor's letter head would be prepared and sent by Sam to the 100 delegates three weeks before launch date. Besides, he also promised to use his own influence to ensure attendance. Dean was apparently induced by these statements of Sam and agreed to Sam's price quoted following which he paid an advance $ 3,000 and received the receipt from Sam mentioning only the price and how total sum was arrived at. Hence successful performance of the contract means that the celebrity Chef Yahoo Nim should have prepared the food and attended the function, Sam should have sent the invitation as stipulated and 100 people should have attended by Sam's influence. But none of these happened resulting in poor attendance of 35 people since only 45 invitations were sent. These can not therefore be a mere parol evidence. These are express terms and hence should be taken as collateral contract though made orally. The collateral contract concept is a device to circumvent the Parol Evidence Rule but also as a means of holding that a statement which is not a term of the main contract can be enforced as a collateral contract i.e. collateral warranty. Some of the cases which can be cited in support of this are ESSO PETROLEUM V MARDEN (1976), DE LASALLE V GUILDFORD (1901), RECORD V BELL (1991) and COMMISSION FOR THE NEW TOWNS V COOPER (CA) (1995) (TheLawsite). Hence Sam is bound by these terms and is liable for damages for breach of contract. Dean is not required to pay the balance amount of $7,000 and he can proceed against Sam for damages for his breach of contract since pressure of work is no excuse. Qn 2 Zander mad it known to Puffy his exact requirements to which Puffy also agreed. Hence the software supplied by Puffy is not in accordance with the terms agreed upon prior to signing of contract Zander signed the contract only on being assured that the software would meet with all the current Government regulatory requirements. But for this he would not have signed the contract. But there is a point against Zander. What Puffy was making was only an opinion and not a condition or representation. She offered him three packages and Zander chose one. It was open to him to verify and then make a purchase. Even though before signing of the contract, Zander insisted, he chose the package at his own risk. If the software package had been a defective one, it would have been a different issue. Hence Puffy is in not breach of contract and consequently Zander is not entitled to refund of the money paid. Qn No 3 In this case, even though Zander did not read the clause No 53 which avoided any liability whatsoever, he is deemed to have read it due to the explicitly mentioned clause on the website. This is an exclusion clause binding on the acceptor. In its absence, the offeror would have been liable for the non-performance or defective performance. In

Individual 3 international markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Individual 3 international markets - Essay Example Fixed income is a form of investment or budget type whereby the real returns rate or the periodic income is probably judge able and at predictable levels. This kind of investment therefore provides returns at fixed period of time and the final return of principal upon maturity. The annual or the monthly returns are of great importance to the association and the money again can be used in the other investment sectors to provide revenue for the association (Allen 2000). Stocks are types of securities that represent ownership in a company or in any corporation. They also show claim on the side o the corporation’s assets and earnings. Stocks are of two types, the common stock and the preferred stock. The common stock always allows the owner to take part in any voting exercise that is conducted at the shareholders meeting. They also entitle the owners to receive dividends. The common stock can also be termed as the ordinary shares (Allen 2000). During the liquidation of the company or any corporation, the owners are considered last after the owners of the preferred stocks. Preferred stock or the preference shares are those that whose owners do not have voting rights and can therefore not take part in any voting exercise that is held in the shareholders meeting. During the liquidation of a company the owners of the preferred stock always have prior claim to dividends as opposed to the owners of the common stock or when a company goes bankrupt. The cash was also sub divided into bonds, this is a debt instrument that requires the one who borrows, the issurer to repay the amount borrowed together with the interest over the period that was agreed upon with the lender (Allen 2000). In the portfolio breakdown, investment in cash took the lion share in terms of breakdown of the portfolio. Investments in cash to the teachers association are can be of greater impacts considering the

Computers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Computers - Essay Example Seeking to explore Dell Computers in holistic analysis, the following will provide a synopsis of the research undertaken on Dell Computers with an eye to the applicability and functuionalisty of this brand of PC. Perusing the site of Dell Computers and looking at the major price points, I determined that the Dell Vostro 220 was the cheapest option of available while the Dell Precision T7500 was the most expensive model on the market. What are the storage requirements for basic application such as Microsoft Office, Adobe Photoshop or Netscape Navigator? Microsoft Office requires a computer and processor of 500 megahertz (MHz) processor or higher; memory which is 256 megabyte (MB) RAM or higher1 and a hard disk space of 1.5 gigabyte (GB). Adobe Photoshop requires a processor which is 1.8GHz or faster, a minimum of 512MB of RAM (1GB recommended) and at least 1GB of available hard-disk space for installation. Finally, Netscape Navigator is no longer on the market, therefore its requirements are irrelevant. The following statement was released by parent company AOL, â€Å"Given AOLs current business focus and the success the Mozilla Foundation has had in developing critically-acclaimed products, we feel its the right time to end development of Netscape branded software. Read the history page for more details about this decision.† (Microsoft, 2009; Adobe 2009; Netscape, 2009). Looking at both the cheapest as well as the most expensive Dell models presently on the market, it is evident that both the Dell Vostro 220 and the high-end Dell Precision T7500 can support basic software applications such as the Microsoft Office and Adobe Photoshop. When you buy a new software package, why does it state the minimum RAM and hard drive space your computer must have for you to run this program? Essentially this sort of information pertains to the amount of available space

Order in the World vs. Savagery Essay Example for Free

Order in the World vs. Savagery Essay Choose a theme and explain how that theme influences the system of rules and order the boys establish when they arrive on the island, and what happens when the rules disintegrate. Order in the World vs. Savagery Among Men In William Golding’s Lord of the Flies, the characters demonstrate what can happen when the fear of the unknown sets in. Giving up the familiarity of authoritative figures and domesticated surroundings can put some people, especially adolescents and children, into a state of shock. If this state of shock does not set in immediately, it is inevitable to set in with time. This novel, filled with allegorical references, is a prime example of how the cultures and values set up by people and evolving over time can be ruined by crisis, creating our main theme of Order in the World VS. Savagery Among Men. The novel starts out with our main characters, the school boys, who have been marooned on a completely deserted island. Being that these are mere children, it doesn’t take too long before everyone starts to realize that not only do they no longer have the structure of adult supervision, but they must also learn to fend for themselves. Conflicting human instincts begin to arise, and we all know that without structure in our world, instincts can be a terribly scary addition to this chaotic mix. It is quite interesting to see that even given their crisis of a situation, one of the boys still clings to his former civilized lifestyle. He still has the urge inside of him to work toward order and their pre-existing domesticated, cushy lives. Living in our sheltered world for such a very long period of time, in this case his whole life has created a barrier between him and reality. Given that he is just a boy, this is not unusual but rather expected of him. On the other hand, we have the majority of the boys, who have resorted to their primordial instincts. They start off with a sort of structure: the conch shell. This is their only form of order in their new life, a symbolic sign of civility which they have brought with them from their old lives. This was, at first, a sense of security. The conch was once used to summon everyone together as a group after their plane crash. However after Jack the leader was chosen to run the group, he became relentless, spouting demands left and right, expecting his group to agree at every whim or else. Ralph, one of the other main characters, opposed the barbaric ideas proposed by Jack, and created his own group. When Jack hears of this disruption to his overruling, he makes sure to convince everyone that they need to be on his team and that he can help them more than wimpy Ralph will be able to. When his teachings are unleashed, Roger rolls a giant boulder onto Piggy, which also crushes their conch shell. I believe that this is a symbol of the disintegration of all civility among the boys. As these rules continue to diminish, the representation of our theme becomes more and more clear. For example, Simon encounters the beast that frightens all of the boys to no end, only to find that the beast does not exist; it is imaginary. The beast, we find, is simply a symbol which lies inside of each and every person because it represents human primitive instincts. When Simon went to alert the rest of the group about the beast, the boys with their newfound savage ways of living attacked Simon immediately without any hesitation whatsoever. The boys tore his body limb from limb until there was no life left. This part of the novel is an extremely important part of the theme because the behavior of the boys is what brought this â€Å"beast† to life! In conclusion, as you are able to see, our theme of order and reason in the world versus savagery and impulse influences the system of rules (or lack thereof) throughout the entire novel. In the beginning, many clung tight to their lives of order, while the remainder of others decided right away that because there was no supervision, they needed to have a leader as soon as possible. Toward the end of our novel, as their rules began to dismantle and leadership turned to a god complex dictatorship, we are still able to see the influential theme in the story line as savagery among men takes over all order when the killing begins.

Fluid Management System

Fluid Management System CAREER EPISODE 1 INTRODUCTION CE 1.1: Project title Fluid Management System was completed in my last year of Bachelor Degree program. I completed my Bachelors of Engineering Technologist in Mechatronics from Chisholm Institute, Dandenong, Australia. My first career episode is based on this project experience that I gained and performed for the fulfillment of my work placement. The project was completed in 13 weeks, from July 2015 to October 2015. I was assisted and guided by Prof. Francis Percy, lecturer of Advance PLC. BACKGROUND CE 1.2 Nature of project My project water management system operated on six different modes, operator can switch between different modes with the help of control panels that are mounted on each operating mode switch. It has 2 modes for each operational mode i.e. Automatic and Manual mode. 1 is used to represent Automatic mode and 2 for Manual mode. There are also auto-manual switch selectors. The mode is chosen based on the way user wants to operate. For this purpose, SCADA PLC programming is done to provide user friendliness. CE 1.3 The pump MDC 118 operates when the tank 1 or 2 is filled from the holding tank whereas MDC 103 operates when filling it between tank 1to tank 2 or vice-versa. The six operational modes are: Operation mode 1 fills tank 1 from holding tank through SV321 value (energized) and SV322(deenergized). Operational mode 2 fills tank 2 from holding tank through SV321 and SV322 valves (deenergized). Operational mode 3 fills tank 1 which has an analog sensor to manage the start and stop level for the filling with exact value from tank 2 through SV323 deenergized valve and SV324 energize value. Operational mode 4 fills tank 3 which has a digital and capacitive sensor to manage the start and stop level for the filling with capacitive sensors, LSL 532 and LSH 531 from tank 2 through SV323 energized valve and SV324 deenergize value. Operational mode 5 fills the holding tank to tank 1 and at the same time, transfers tank 1 to tank 2 through SV321 (energized), SV322 (de-energized), SV323 (de-energized) and SV324 (energized). It also maintains a set point for filling the tanks. Operation mode 6 fills the holding tank to tank 2 and at the same time, transfers tank 2 to tank 1 through SV321 (energized), SV322 (energized), SV323 (energized) and SV324 (de-energized). It also maintains a set point for filling the tanks. CE 1.4 Objectives To prove my overall understanding on automation system, I had to complete a project. I chose a project that was based on how the automation system works in manufacturing industry of advance PLC department. And as per my project requirement I had to perform PLC and SCADA programming. Based on the two choices given to me, from Fluid management system and Pressure management system, I chose Fluid management system. The objective was to make a complete a fully automated fluid management system using PLC programming with an HMI/SCADA in 13 weeks duration. It should consist of 3 water tanks, 2 pumps, number of 2 3 way valves using Allen Bradely software IFIX SCADA software and various fluid level measuring instrument. It was further required to: Program PLC for six operating modes While implementing all the hardware like fault lights operating lights SCADA programming Interfacing. CE 1.5 The chart of organizational structure CE 1.5 Duties I studied and researched the basic architecture of the fluid management system which included PLC CPU (Allan Bradley), Device Net Scanner and Flex I/O, RSlogix 5000(PLC programming software), HMI interact and software. I prepared the fluid management trainer system Device Net Network Set up. I created the PLC CPU DeviceNet scanner Module interface I create the mapping DeviceNet Nodes Input and outputs to the DeviceNet Scanner Module input and output registers. Performed commissioning and testing of a PLC system Coded the PLC programming for the water station for six different operating modes. Represent all the different modes to supervisor, explaining them how it works. Diving and providing time slots to team members. Maintaining balance and peace to avoid conflict among each other. Kept good relations with supervisor. Reporting the development of the project to the lab supervisor and coordinator. PERSONAL ENGINEERING ACTIVITY CE 1.6 The project I have done related to the educational qualifications that I have obtained in my degree course. The relationship between the different modules and project processes is explained below: PLC (Program logic control): Here, I learned how to write PLC program with Allen Bradley software by using RS logic 5000. This skill was helpful in completing my programming design for water station. Instrumental Principal: This module gave me the knowledge about sensors, how they work and wiring of the sensors, how you can program them. For this project, I have used electronics level sensor LK31 and Impeller flow meter. Electronics level sensor determine the level of fluid according to the capacitive measuring principal. Industrial Networking: My project involved the knowledge of DeviceNet and scanner which was learnt from this module. Project management: Project management module skills were completely applied at all the stages of project. The project was also divided in to two parts. All the tasks were scheduled and divided accordingly. I applied various techniques to practical implementation that learnt from project management. Mathematics and Fluid Mechanics: My project involved a lot of calculation for example, the calculations to find torque, force, and power for the motor along with the calculations done to find the physical parameters of components. I also did the calculations to select the pulley and belt as well. Professional Engineering Technologist: During the project life cycle, while working with Water station, I had to rely on the communication skills. The work experience gained during this project demonstrated how important the communication skills are to the professional engineering technologist. CE 1.7 As a group project, I had to separate the system which contains two main part PLC programming and SCADA programming. I decided to complete the PLC programming and assigning my mate mater the SCADA programming. In PLC Program subroutine, to make the programming easy for controlling, for finding faults and for easy access to different part of programming, I had to split the main routine into different subroutine. This process can be seen below:   Ã‚   Figure 1 PLC Program design methodology CE 1.8 To prevent the occurrence of PLC program interlocking, this technique of energization of one contractor prevents the energization of other until it is in use. This method is called interlocking and I used interlock as a pre-requirement of the task to run the program. Various safety factor and other reasons such as Pump/Motor Faults, pressure requirement of system etc. are considered to run the function of PLC properly. It also makes the programming part easy, for this only writing the code logic of interlocking at one place is required and the same code is used as a pre-requirement of task at another place. Figure 2 logic of interlock in one place and use interlock as pre-requirement of task CE 1.9 Considering the program logic interlock as Pump fault. It means, that if there is no pump fault, then the PLC will start running normally. Once the PLC starts running, it starts to operate in mode 1. In programming mode one, filling the tank 1 from holding tank through SV 321 valve (energized) and SV 322 valve (de-energized) is done. For the PLC program to be permissive, i.e. each process condition undertaken is called a permissive. For example, consider permissive to be a burner control for large combustion furnaces. To start the burners in a large furnace safely, the control system requests permission from several process switches, including high and low fuel pressure, air fan flow check, exhaust stack damper position, access door position, etc. Every process condition that it undergoes is called a permissive. In the below diagram, it is control to fill the tank 1 by tank level permissive, if water level is below 10cm it will start filling tank until to reaches 13cm. Figure 3 PLC program permissive CE 1.10 Once the PLC program was completed and along with all the DeviceNet IOs pre-commissioned, registered and labelled in the PLC controller memory I started to design each operating modes. I started with operating mode 1. Once the programming of operation mode 1 and 2 was completed and it started working as intended, I could test the rest of the inputs in the system which were the water level sensors. While programming I constantly referred to operating mode table that I made using various engineering tools. Once the basic idea was plotted in the table format, the programming of remaining operating modes was successfully completed and also some extra additional features were added. Figure 4 Operating mode table CE 1.11 In the system architecture, there is a PLC CPU, DeviceNet Scanner and Flex I/O, RS logic 5000, PLC program and SCADA IFIX program. DeviceNet is a network system that is used in the automation industry to interconnect control devices for data exchange. In the water management system, there is a DeviceNet scanner node. In a typical configuration, the scanner module acts as an interface between DeviceNet devices and the programmable controller. The scanner module communicates with DeviceNet devices over the network to: Read inputs from slave devices Write outputs to slave devices Communicate with peer devices. DeviceNet nodes setup as follows: Node 0: 1794-SDN Compact Logix DeviceNet Scanner/Master Module used for DeviceNet network control and data exchange with the PLC CPU. Node 1: Allen Bradley Flex IO distributed IO system. Node 2: Allen Bradley DeviceNet interface Stack Light system. Node 4: Allen Bradley Variable Speed Drive used for speed control of pump MDC118 CE 1.12 I started performing test runs at the final stage, which includes: Checked all the cable connections between the PLC and the plant are complete, safe, and to the required specification that meets the local standards. Checked that all the incoming power supply matches the voltage setting for which the PLC is set. Checked all protective devices are set to their appropriate trip settings. Checked that emergency stop button. Checked that all input/output devices are connected to the correct input/output points and giving the correct signals. And checked the FLEX I/O system that contains a network adapter, terminal bases, and I/O modules. CE 1.13 After performing the above troubleshooting, the only problem I faced during the implementation of the whole system was that the Emergency stop button wasnt working. To solve this issue, I took various steps. I started by checking the connections. The first module is 1794-ADN DeviceNet Gateway module which is used to communicate and transfer data between the DeviceNet Master Module and the Flex IO modules 2 4. And the module the next 3 modules in order from 2 to 4 are 1794-IB32 Digital Input Module 1794-IE4XOE2 Analog Input/output combination module 1794-OB16 Digital Output Module. I checked the digital and analog input connection with emergency button with help of my lab supervisor and realized the problem was regarding the analog and digital input only, so I tried to resolve it by doing a research and taking suggestions from supervisors. SUMMARY CE 1.14 I successfully achieved all the objectives of the project within specified time limit and I gained good knowledge from this project as I did intense research about sensors and PLC programing for my project in the form of literature review. This had added many useful engineering techniques to my knowledge and enhanced my problem solving and analytical skills. In addition to that, I also implemented and used my engineering knowledge to make this project successful. I used concepts of various Engineering techniques and PLC programing which I had studied during my course of Bachelor of engineering technologist in Mechatronics. I presented a project thesis and seminar on my work on submission of my project.